Phenotypic indicators for cultured pearl size improvement in the black‐lipped pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera): towards selection for the recipient growth performance

The black‐lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, is the most important farmed species in French Polynesia and the basis of the most valuable export industry. Mass production of black pearls relies on a surgical operation requiring tissue from a donor pearl oyster to be grafted, together with a nucleus made of shell, into the gonad of a recipient oyster. Improving pearl size through family selection remains one of the main challenges for future aquaculture development. This study analyses the relative contribution of donor and recipient oysters to pearl size. To this end, hatchery‐produced donor oysters of two batches, large and small (based on shell height), were used to supply grafts for recipients, which were then monitored individually for their growth performance by recording shell height, width, and thickness, and total live weight (flesh + shells) every 6 months (four biometric measurement times) over 20 months of culture. Pearls issued from the two batches of donors showed no significant differences in nacre weight or thickness. In contrast, recipient oyster shell height and total weight were increasingly positively correlated with these pearl size parameters over the culture period, becoming significant at 8 months post‐grafting. Potential therefore exists to use shell height and oyster weight as phenotypic indicators for selective breeding of recipient oysters with high growth performance to increase pearl size in P. margaritifera.     

Zinc biofortification of maize (Zea mays L.): Status and challenges

Zn deficiency is one of the leading health problems in children and women of developing countries. Different interventions could be used to overcome malnutrition, but biofortification is most impactful, convenient, sustainable and acceptable intervention. Maize is one of the major crops grown and consumed in the regions with prevalent Zn malnutrition; therefore, this is suitable target for Zn biofortification. Zn biofortification of maize could be achieved through agronomic and genetic approaches. Discussion of agronomic approaches with genetic approaches is prerequisite because soils in developing countries are deficit of Zn and availability of Zn in soils is mandatory for estimating the genetic responses of maize genotypes through genetic approaches. Seed priming, foliar and soil applications are agronomic tools for biofortification, but solo and combined applications of these treatments have different effects on Zn enrichment. Genetic approaches include the increase of Zn bioavailability or increase of kernel Zn concentration. Zn bioavailability could be increased by reducing the anti‐nutritional factors or by increasing the bioavailability enhancers. Kernel Zn concentration could be improved through hybridization and selections, whereas genetically engineered attempts for improving Zn uptake from soil, loading in xylem, remobilization in grains and sequestration in endosperm can further improve the kernel Zn concentration. Key challenges associated with dissemination of Zn biofortified maize are also under discussion in this draft. Current review emphasized all of above‐mentioned contents to provide roadmap for the development of Zn biofortified maize genotypes to curb the global Zn malnutrition.     

主要淡水水产品在养殖模式转换过程中营养品质的形成机制研究进展

随着生活水平的提高人们越来越重视膳食品质,鲈鱼、乌鳢、鳜鱼等几种肉食性鱼类因其较高的营养价值而备受关注。目前,这几种经济鱼类正处在从传统池塘养殖向池塘工程化养殖和从饲喂冰鲜饵料向投喂人工配合饲料养殖模式转变的过程中。本文通过已有研究总结了这几种主要淡水水产品的养殖现状及具体评价营养价值的指标,并对其养殖模式转换过程中的营养价值可能出现的变化进行了综述。讨论总结后发现,投喂人工配合饲料养殖的鲈鱼、鳜鱼等经济鱼类营养价值特别是蛋白质品质低于投喂冰鲜饵料的。而池塘循环水养殖这种新型的养殖模式对这几种肉食性鱼类营养价值的影响尚不明确。但从目前已有研究来看,池塘循环水养殖能够有效改善水质,并在一定程度上限制了有害物质积累。所以这种新型养殖模式对这几种经济鱼类食用品质有积极的影响。本文通过对主要淡水水产品在养殖模式转换过程中营养价值形成机制进行综述,为推行绿色健康可持续的新型养殖模式提供了理论依据。     

A simplified roller bottle platform for the production of a new generation VLPs rabies vaccine for veterinary applications

Rabies is a neglected disease with an estimated annual mortality of 55,000 human deaths, affecting mainly low-income countries. Over 95% of these cases result from virus transmission through the bite of infected dogs and for this reason there is a real need for a cheap and effective rabies veterinary vaccine to be used in mass vaccination campaigns. In this work, we describe the establishment of a simple platform for the production of a virus-like particles based rabies vaccine using mammalian cells and roller bottles as culture system. Adherent cells were cultured during more than 15 days and VLPs were continuously produced and secreted to the culture supernatant. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of VLPs were tested through rabies virus neutralizing antibody test and NIH potency test. These viral particles induced high titer of long lasting neutralizing antibodies and protected mice against active virus challenge. Therefore, this development represents a promising platform for the production of a new generation and virus-free rabies vaccine candidate for veterinary applications.     

紫薇花器官发育调控基因LiFUL1的分离与表达分析

紫薇湘韵具有只开花不结实的特性,表现为花药不开裂、花粉败育、胚珠发育异常。紫薇红叶为普通紫薇,可正常开花结实。以紫薇湘韵为试验材料,采用RT-PCR方法,从花芽中分离得到1个FRUITFULL(FUL)同源基因,命名为LiFUL1(GenBank登录号为MN894547)。序列分析结果表明,其cDNA开放阅读框长度为753 bp,编码251个氨基酸,分子质量为28.453 13 ku。序列比对和保守结构域分析结果表明,LiFUL1基因编码蛋白具有典型的MADS-MEF2和K-box 结构域,C末端含有一个保守性高的基序euFUL MOTIF,因此,LiFUL1属于MADS家族的FUL/AP1亚家族。进化分析表明,紫薇的LiFUL1基因编码的蛋白氨基酸序列与木本植物蓝桉的FUL/AP1氨基酸序列亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR分析结果表明,LiFUL1基因在紫薇湘韵花器官分化阶段的花萼分化时期、花瓣与雄蕊分化时期、雄蕊与雌蕊分化时期的表达量显著高于紫薇红叶。另外,利用原核表达系统在大肠埃希菌中成功表达了LiFUL1蛋白,为进一步研究LiFUL1基因的功能奠定了基础。     

基于表型性状与简单重复序列标记的浙江省芋种质资源遗传多样性比较

为探讨浙江省地方芋种质资源的遗传多样性,并挖掘特异芋种质,对25份浙江省地方芋种质资源进行调查鉴定,对15个表型性状进行了遗传多样性分析、主成分分析、表型性状与简单重复序列(SSR)标记相结合的聚类分析。结果表明,浙江省芋种质遗传多样性丰富,变异系数与多样性指数均值分别为31.32%与0.97。主成分分析显示,前5个主成分累积特征值为10.871,累计贡献率为77.649%,主成分1反映了多子芋株型综合因子,主成分2反映了芋叶形状综合因子,主成分3反映了母芋形状综合因子,主成分4、5分别代表母芋表皮棕毛、母芋颜色因子;另外,孙芋形状、母芋芽色、叶心色斑颜色、叶柄中下部颜色、母芋表皮棕毛可作为芋种质鉴别优先观测的形态性状指标。基于表型性状的聚类在遗传距离4.171处可将所有种质分为5个类别,其中第Ⅲ类与第Ⅴ类的子孙芋形状均为卵圆,商品性好。此外,在20份多子芋中还挖掘出2份紫红柄特异芋种质。20对SSR引物在所有资源中扩增共获得53个条带,具有多态性的条带为48条,多态性比率为90.6%,多态信息含量(PIC值)为0.22~0.64;SSR分子标记聚类在DICE遗传相似系数0.721处将所有种质分为5个类别,与表型性状聚类结果有类似之处,但又有所不同。2种不同的聚类方式在芋种质资源的鉴别中具有互补作用,均表明了亲缘关系的远近与地理来源并无直接关系。上述结果将为芋种质资源进一步保护、利用与创新提供重要的理论基础。     

猪链球菌2型灭活疫苗对小鼠的免疫效果评价

在前期筛选出2株毒力强、抗原性好、遗传稳定的猪链球菌2型(SS2)疫苗菌株(HF2、HF3株)并分别制成灭活疫苗(采用ISA 201 VG矿物油佐剂)的基础上,进一步与SS2商品化灭活疫苗(HA9801株,铝胶佐剂)同步免疫小鼠,利用间接ELISA、流式细胞术、免疫攻毒试验、细菌定植试验和病理组织学观察等方法测定小鼠血清中IgG抗体效价,细胞因子含量(IL-4、IL-10、IFN-γ、TNF-β、MCP-1),外周血中CD4⁺/CD3⁺、CD8⁺/CD3⁺ T细胞亚群含量,攻毒保护率,组织荷菌数和病理组织变化等指标。结果显示,二免7 d后,HF2、HF3灭活疫苗组和HA9801商品化灭活疫苗组的血清IgG抗体效价分别为1:25 600、1:12 800、1:25 600;HF2灭活疫苗组的IL-4、IL-10含量显著高于HF3灭活疫苗组和HA9801商品化灭活疫苗组,IFN-γ、TNF-β含量显著高于HF3灭活疫苗组,但MCP-1含量显著低于HF3灭活疫苗组;HF2和HF3灭活疫苗组的CD4⁺/CD3⁺ T细胞比率均显著低于HA9801商品化灭活疫苗组,但CD8⁺/CD3⁺ T细胞比率差异不显著;HF2、HF3灭活疫苗和HA9801商品化灭活疫苗对小鼠的攻毒保护率均为100%;HF2灭活疫苗组小鼠的肺、脾脏组织荷菌数显著低于HF3灭活疫苗组;HF2灭活疫苗组小鼠的肺、肾、脾脏病理变化较HF3灭活疫苗组和HA9801商品化灭活疫苗组轻微。综合结果表明,由SS2(HF2株)制备的ISA 201 VG佐剂灭活疫苗免疫小鼠后不仅可产生较强的免疫应答,还可完全抵抗强毒株的攻击。     

103份小麦品种（系）抗条锈性和遗传多样性评价及基因检测

【目的】了解小麦品种（系）对条锈病的抗性水平及遗传多样性,掌握条锈病抗性基因的利用情况,为培育和合理利用优良小麦抗条锈病新品种提供理论依据。【方法】选用小麦条锈病流行生理小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34对103份小麦品种（系）进行苗期抗条锈病分小种鉴定、成株期抗CYR32鉴定,并利用SSR分子标记对其进行遗传多样性分析,进而利用已知小麦抗条锈病基因Yr5、Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18和Yr26的分子标记进行抗条锈病基因检测。【结果】苗期抗性鉴定表明,103份小麦品种（系）对生理小种CYR32表现为抗病的有20份,占供试材料的19.42%;有34份品种（系）对CYR33表现为抗病,占供试材料的33.01%;36份品种（系）对CYR34表现为抗病,占供试材料的34.95%;仅有郑6辐、宁麦3号、老兰麦、京411、京作278、扬麦158共6个品种对生理小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34均表现抗病。成株期对CYR32抗性鉴定表明郑州021等55份材料表现为成株期抗性,占供试材料的53.40%。遗传多样性分析表明,103份小麦品种（系）的遗传相似系数变异范围为0.50—0.93,平均值为0.66。103份小麦品种（系）聚类分析可分为3大类,第Ⅰ类包含4个品种,分别为花培112-2、尤皮2号、鲁沾1号和Elkhart;第Ⅱ类包含43个品种（系）,其中来自于同一地区的品种（系）或含系谱来源相同的品种（系）聚在一类,说明小麦品种之间的亲缘关系与品种来源有很大的关系;第Ⅲ大类中具有相同系谱的品种（系）都聚在一个亚类,表明同一地区小麦生产品种选育过程中多数使用了相同或亲缘关系相近的材料,导致小麦育成品种之间遗传关系相近。已知抗病基因检测到含有Yr9、Yr10、Yr18和Yr26特征带的品种（系）分别有15、8、19和1份,未检测到含有Yr5和Yr15阳性条带的品种（系）。【结论】供试小麦品种（系）苗期的抗性水平较低,郑6辐、宁麦3号、老兰麦、京411、京作278、扬麦158这6份品种可能含有未知全生育期抗病基因,适用于品种轮换种植防控小麦条锈病;成株期抗性较好,抗性基因检测Yr18使用频率较高。因此,小麦育种工作应充分利用优质已知抗性基因资源,发掘新抗性材料,培育多基因聚合的持久抗性品种。     

玉米骨干自交系京2416杂种优势及遗传重组解析

【目的】 玉米骨干自交系京2416是以（京24×5237）×京24构建基础选系群体,利用高大严及同群优系聚合等选系技术选育的优良黄改群自交系。以其为父本育成的审定品种已有20多个,其中代表性品种京农科728,突破了黄淮海夏玉米籽粒机收技术瓶颈,成为中国首批通过国家审定的机收籽粒品种。通过分析京2416与X群种质的杂种优势,及其形成过程中的重组事件和黄早四基因组片段传递规律,解析京2416形成的遗传机制,以期为黄改系的进一步遗传改良提供参考。【方法】 选用黄早四、京2416及其2个选系亲本（京24和5237）为材料,与5份X群代表性自交系根据NCII遗传设计组配杂交组合,利用F₁产量相关性状单穗粒重的中亲优势、超高亲优势值和配合力效应值评估4份黄改系的杂种优势。对4份黄改系及5份X群自交系进行测序深度约为18×的全基因组重测序,用BWA、GATK等软件进行序列比对和变异检测,基于获得的SNP和InDel标记信息,利用GCTA和Treebest软件进行主成分分析和系统发生树构建,同源传递片段（identity-by-descent,IBD）使用IBDseq软件识别。【结果】 通过比较分析黄早四、京2416、京24、5237与5份X群代表系所配杂交组合的F₁产量相关性状发现,与其他3份材料（黄改系京24、5237和黄早四）相比,京2416具有更高的超高亲优势和一般配合力。基于全基因组重测序数据,分析重现了京2416形成过程中的重组事件,明确京2416的基因组组成,选系亲本京24和5237在京2416基因组中保留的比例分别为80.96%和19.04%。利用基因组测序数据解析从黄早四到京2416的IBD片段,结果表明,京2416从京24和5237 2个选系亲本中聚合了全部的9个重要黄改系特征性选择区域。【结论】 骨干自交系京2416在遗传改良过程中,通过染色体重组聚合选系亲本京24和5237所有的9个重要黄改系特征性选择区域,从分子水平解释了京2416与X群代表系表现出更高配合力的遗传基础。